A Primer on How to
Create a Visual Abstract
December 2016
Andrew M. Ibrahim MD, MSc
University of Michigan
@andrewmibrahim
#VisualAbstract @andrewmibrahim
WHAT IS A VISUAL ABSTRACT?
Simply put, a visual abstract is a visual summary of the information contained within an
abstract. Similar to the actual text abstract of a research article, it is meant to convey the key
the findings of the article in a shorter format.
It is just as important to say what
the Visual Abstract is NOT. A
visual abstract is not a substitute
for reading the article and does
not contain all the details of an
article. The goal of a visual
abstract is to inform a potential
reader of the key findings in an
article to help them decide if they
want to proceed in reading the
entire article. Just as any single
article should not change one’s
practice, a visual abstract alone should not influence clinical decision making or opinion about
the paper.
WHY CREATE ONE?
Authors and publishers have an
opportunity to share their research
to ultimately improve patient care.
In fact, many would argue we also
have an obligation to make our
work as accessible as possible,
without compromising the quality
of the message. I created the visual
abstract concept to fulfill this duty,
and help efficiently disseminate the
best of science to a broad
audience.
In our first few months at Annals of Surgery, the use of visual abstracts has been
transformative. Early data (from our prospective, case-‐control matched study) indicates that
articles with a visual abstract get five times more exposure, and the actual full article is visited
twice as often. In short, if you’re serious about disseminating your research, the use of a visual
abstract is a valuable tool to have in your kit.
#VisualAbstract @andrewmibrahim
EMBRACING SOME DESIGN PRINCIPLES
An effective visual abstract has a clear message. You will want to embrace some principles of
design when creating your visual abstract. These include:
Focus on the user experience. The process of design starts and always returns to
the user experience. Always keep in mind, “What does my audience on Twitter
want to know about scientific research?”
Clarity of Purpose. Particularly within complex articles, you want to spend time
narrowing the key message down to what you want to deliver. Some simplification
of presentation may be necessary to establish a clear focus.
Rapid Prototyping. There are infinite ways to visually display research. Your 1st, 2nd
or 10th visual abstract won’t be your best one. You will improve significantly by
rapidly trying new formats and seeing what works!
Iterative Improvement. Rather than ask, “Is it perfect?” design thinking focuses on,
“What is the next step to make it partially better?” You will significantly improve by
soliciting feedback and studying other designs.
Thoughtful Restraint. Prioritize the key message over completeness. Sure, having
every secondary endpoint and every limitation of the article in the visual abstract is
ideal to give context, but this can significantly distract from the key message. In the
case of visual abstracts, more is not always better.
Relevant Creativity. Thinking outside the box can be valuable, but ultimately needs
to be grounded in the desired outcome. Experimenting “just to be different” isn’t
always effective. You should frequently balance your design creativity with
thoughtful restraint and clarity of purpose.
STARTING WITH A SOFTWARE
While the work can be done with expensive software (e.g. Adobe Photoshop Suite), most (or
even all of it) can be done in Microsoft PowerPoint.
If you have a higher end design taste and want to create things more sophisticated than Paint
allows, try Pixlr (https://pixlr.com/editor/ ) a free online image editor.
#VisualAbstract @andrewmibrahim
COMPONENT OF AN EFFECTIVE VISUAL ABSTRACT
Visual abstracts follow the general layout show here:
Key components of the visual abstract include:
Summarize Key Question Being Addressed: This usually comes from the title of the article or a
heading of key figure. Keep it short and clear.
Summary of Outcomes: You will need to spend time thinking about outcomes you want to
present. Most articles have many more than 3, so you’ll have to prioritize.
Author, Citation: Always include at least the first author’s name and year of publication.
State Outcome Comparison: A short phrase that clearly states the outcome with the respect to
groups being compared. For example, “Decreased Need for Blood Transfusions” is easier to
follow than simply, “Blood Transfusions.” As much as possible, you should use the same prose
used in the article for consistency.
Visual Display of Outcome: You will want a visual that reflects the outcome you’re describing.
(More on this below – “Making it Visual.”)
Data of Outcome (Units): In addition to stating the outcome, you will want to give the numeric
representation. Be sure to include the units.
#VisualAbstract @andrewmibrahim
ACTUAL PROCESS OF CREATING A VISUAL ABSTRACT
The following steps in this order can help you create a simple visual abstract:
Step 1: Choose an Article. Choose an article and spend time identifying the key message is that
you want you convey. Pull out the key outcomes.
Step 2: Create Your Visual Fields. There are many ways to do this, but colored boxes can be
quite easy and helpful.
Step 3: Add Author, Journal and Title. Starting filling in some of the essential information.
#VisualAbstract @andrewmibrahim
Step 4: Layout Your Outcomes. Describe the outcomes across the top in short phrases with
comparative phrases inside of text boxes.
Step 5: Add in Values for Each Outcome. Add in the numeric values of each outcome, including
the units.
#VisualAbstract @andrewmibrahim
Step 6: Add Visuals. This is arguably the hardest part for most people, and an entire section
(“Making It Visual”) is dedicated to it below. It is CRUCIAL that you do not use images for which
you do not have permissions or rights.
Step 7: Export your File. You will want to save the file as a JPEG of other image file to make it
easily usable for social media. Be sure to proof read and double check all your outcomes so that
they are consistent with the article. If the methods (e.g. randomized trial, retrospective review)
are not clear in the visual abstract, be sure to include it in the text of the Tweet.
CHOOSING A LAYOUT
The visual display of outcomes can be achieved in multiple formats depending on the number
of outcomes being described. Consider these additional layout options for 1, 2 or 3 outcomes.
You can follow the hashtag #VisualAbstract on Twitter to find other new layouts.
#VisualAbstract @andrewmibrahim
MAKING IT VISUAL
Here is where most people get stuck. They choose an article, they narrow down to a key
message, and they pull out the key outcomes…but can’t seem to make it visual!
Here are some common areas people get stuck and how to get around them.
Finding Images. There are a number of image banks on the internet, some of which are free to
use. If you do visual presentations often enough, you may consider purchasing a subscription to
access higher end icons (e.g. Shutterstock, Getty Images, Noun Project.) In some cases, you may
need to create the icon yourself or collaborate with a graphic designer.
Finding the Right Images. When choosing an image, people often choose the wrong one. You
should plan to “rapidly prototype” multiple iterations of your visual abstract with different
audiences of your peers before choosing the final lay out.
More on Choosing the Right Images. While there is no clear “visual style” for academic journals,
I have found that solid colored “icons” have the strongest professional appeal over cartoon-‐like
images. While ultimately up to you, I would encourage sticking with solid color icons.
Copyright Issues. Just because an image is on the internet, does not mean it is free to use. You
MUST make sure that you have copyright permission to use the images. This point cannot be
overemphasized enough. To avoid this problem, either use the copyright filter during your
image search or subscribe to an icon image bank.
USING TWITTER TO DISSEMINATE YOUR VISUAL ABSTRACT
Once you have created your visual abstract, you will need a plan to disseminate it.
Twitter is a common social media tool used by nearly every academic journal to disseminate
research articles. You should plan to create your own account as well. In your tweet, you should
include a link to the article.
You may amplify the dissemination of your Visual Abstract by ‘tagging’ other Twitter accounts
in the Tweet. This can include the article authors, authors’ institution(s) and journal publisher.
GET SERIOUS ABOUT IMPROVEMENT
Hopefully creating a visual abstract is not a one off project for you, and you plan to do it a few
times. If that is the case, you will want to make an effort to track your progress. Twitter itself
will allow you to follow dissemination statistics, as will Symplur (for hashtags) and Altmetric.
#VisualAbstract …
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